Upgrading and Repairing PCs

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Upgrading and Repairing PCs

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r (/r) switch (XCOPY32 command)
R658 chipsets (SiS) 2nd
Radeon chipsets 2nd 3rd
radio frequency (RF)
    interference
radio frequency input devices 2nd
radio-frequency interference (RFI) 2nd 3rd
radio-frequency interference (wireless input devices)
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) 2nd
    controllers
    cost
    Level 0
    Level 1
    Level 2
    Level 3
    Level 4
    Level 5
    Level 6
    RAB (Raid Advisory Board)
RAM
    DIMMs
        width
    SIMMs
        width
RAM (random access memory
    UMA (upper memory area) 2nd
RAM (random access memory) 2nd [See also ROM (read-only memory)]3rd
    286 processors
    386 processors
    386SX processors
    486DX processors
    8088/8086 processors
    adapter memory configuration
        conflicts
        determining 2nd
    ATX motherboards
    banks 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        defined
        widths 2nd
    BEDO RAM (burst extended data out RAM)
    buffered modules
    buffers
        buffer underrun protection
        buffer underruns 2nd 3rd
    buying tips
        DIMMs 2nd
        RIMMs 2nd
        SIMMs 2nd
        suppliers 2nd
    cache 2nd 3rd
        access times
        asynchronous design
        bus snooping
        cache controllers
        cache tag
        CD/DVD drives 2nd
        compared to DRAM 2nd
        controllers 2nd
        defined 2nd
        direct-mapped cache
        four-way set associative cache
        fully associative mapped cache
        hard disk drive cache controllers 2nd
        hard disk drive cache programs 2nd
        hit ratio
        Level 1 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th
        Level 1 cache 2nd 3rd 4th
        Level 2 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th
        Level 2 cache 2nd 3rd
        maximum cache
        nonblocking cache
        Pentium-MMX improvements
        pipeline burst mode
        set associative cache
        speed 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        synchronous design
        TLB (translation lookaside buffer)
        write-back cache
        write-through cache
    cache memory
    chip capacities 2nd 3rd
    CMOS RAM
        addresses 2nd 3rd
        compared to BIOS (basic input/output system) 2nd 3rd
        diagnostic status codes 2nd
        motherboard CMOS RAM addresses 2nd
    CMOS RAM settings
        accessing 2nd
        additional setup features 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        Advanced menu 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
        backing up 2nd
        Boot Configuration menu 2nd
        Boot Device Priority menu 2nd
        Boot menu 2nd
        Diskette Configuration menu 2nd
        Event Logging menu 2nd 3rd
        Exit menu 2nd
        Extended Configuration menu 2nd
        Fan Control Configuration menu
        IDE Configuration menu 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
        main menu 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        Maintenance menu 2nd 3rd
        PCI Configuration menu 2nd
        Peripheral Configuration menu 2nd
        PnP Configuration menu
        Power menu 2nd 3rd 4th
        Resource Configuration menu
        saving 2nd
        Security menu 2nd 3rd
        summary of menus 2nd
        USB Configuration menu 2nd
        Video Configuration menu 2nd 3rd
    compared to ROM (read-only memory)s
    compared to storage 2nd
    conventional memory barrier
    cost 2nd
    DDR SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) 2nd 3rd 4th
    DDR2 SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) 2nd
    defined 2nd
    DIMMs (dual inline memory modules) 2nd
        168-pin DIMM pinouts 2nd 3rd 4th
        184-pin DIMM pinouts 2nd 3rd 4th
        240-pin DDR2 DIMM pinouts 2nd 3rd
        buffered
        buying tips 2nd
        capacities 2nd
        gold-plated 2nd 3rd 4th
        illustration
        installation 2nd 3rd
        memory banks 2nd 3rd
        part numbers 2nd 3rd
        SPD (serial presence detect)
        tin-plated 2nd 3rd 4th
        unbuffered
    DIMMs (dual inline memory modules))
        contact metals
    DIP (dual inline package) chips
    DMA (Direct Memory Access)
        CD/DVD drives 2nd 3rd
    DMA (Direct Memory Access) channels
        16-bit ISA 2nd
        8-bit ISA 2nd
    DRAM (dynamic RAM)
        compared to SRAM 2nd
        DDR SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) 2nd 3rd
        DDR2 SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) 2nd
        FPO DRAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM) 2nd 3rd
        RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        refresh rates
        SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) 2nd 3rd
        soft errors
        transistor/capacitor pairs 2nd
    EDO RAM (extended data out RAM) 2nd 3rd
    flash memory 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        CompactFlash 2nd
        comparison of 2nd 3rd 4th
    Flash memory
        data recovery 2nd 3rd 4th
    flash memory
        MMC (MultiMediaCard)
        PC Card 2nd
        physical size 2nd
        reading 2nd 3rd
        SD (SecureDigital) 2nd
        SmartMedia
        Sony Memory Stick
        Sony Memory Stick Pro
        USB keychain drives 2nd 3rd
        xD-Picture Card 2nd
    FPO DRAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM) 2nd 3rd
    gold-plated contacts 2nd 3rd 4th
    hard fails
    HMA (high memory area)
    installation 2nd 3rd 4th
        DIMMs 2nd
        ESD (electrostatic discharge)
        RIMMs 2nd
        SIMMs
    layout
    logical mapping
    logical memory layout 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
        conventional memory 2nd
        UMA (Upper Memory Area) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th
        XMS (Extended Memory Specification) 2nd 3rd 4th
    maximum installable memory 2nd 3rd
    memory buses
    MMU (memory management unit)
    narrow-channel systems
    parity checking
        chipset support
        disabling
        fake parity modules
        NMIs (nonmaskable interrupts)
        odd parity 2nd
        parity bits 2nd 3rd
        parity-check messages 2nd 3rd
    RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        even cycles
        module types and bandwith 2nd
        odd cycles
        patents
        power savings
    registered modules 2nd
    RIMMs (Rambus inline memory modules) 2nd
        buying tips 2nd
        capacities
        contact metals
        gold-plated 2nd 3rd 4th
        installation 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        keying options
        part numbers 2nd 3rd
        pinouts 2nd 3rd
        tin-plated 2nd 3rd 4th
    RTC/NVRAM (real-time clock/nonvolatile memory)
    RTC/NVRAM batteries 2nd 3rd 4th
    SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) 2nd 3rd
    shared memory 2nd
    SIMMs (single inline memory modules) 2nd
        buying tips 2nd
        capacities
        contact metals
        gold-plated 2nd 3rd 4th
        illustration
        installation 2nd 3rd
        memory banks 2nd 3rd
        part numbers 2nd 3rd
        pinouts 2nd 3rd 4th
        presence detect pin configurations 2nd 3rd
        tin-plated 2nd 3rd 4th
    soft errors
        alpha particles
        cosmic rays 2nd
        ECC (error correcting code) 2nd
        fault tolerance 2nd
        incorrect memory types
        line noise
        parity checking 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
        power glitches
        radio frequency interference
        static discharge
        timing glitches
    speed
        clock speeds 2nd 3rd
        cycle times 2nd 3rd
        interleaving
        latency
        memory bus bandwidth
        MHz (megahertz) 2nd 3rd
        module speeds 2nd 3rd
        nanoseconds
        processor bus bandwidth 2nd
    SRAM (static RAM) [See also cache]2nd 3rd
        access times
        asynchronous design
        cache controllers 2nd
        cache hit ratio
        compared to DRAM 2nd
        Level 1 cache 2nd 3rd 4th
        Level 2 cache 2nd 3rd
        maximum cache
        pipeline burst mode
        synchronous design
    tin-plated contacts 2nd 3rd 4th
    total installed memory 2nd 3rd
    total usable memory 2nd 3rd
    troubleshooting 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        diagnostics utilities
        divide errors
        fatal exception errors
        general faults
        global protection faults
        memory defect isolation 2nd 3rd
        module testers
        parity errors
        step-by-step procedures 2nd
        write-back cache
    Ultra-DMA
        CD/DVD drives 2nd 3rd
    unbuffered modules
    upgrading
        higher-capacity modules 2nd
        upgrade options and strategies 2nd
    VGA (video graphics array) memory 2nd
    video RAM 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        DDR SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM)
        DDR2 SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM)
        minimum requirements 2nd
        RAM calculations 2nd 3rd 4th
        SDRAM (synchronous DRAM)
        SGRAM (synchronous graphics RAM)
        speed 2nd
        video bus width
    volatile storage
    wide-channel systems
RAM (random-access memory)
    dynamic video memory
    intelligent memory management
RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control) drives
Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
    even cycles
    module types and bandwith 2nd
    odd cycles
    patents
    power savings
Rambus inline memory modules (RIMMs)
Rambus inline memory modules. [See RIMMs]
RAMDAC (digital-to-analog converter) 2nd
random access memory. [See RAM]2nd [See RAM]
Random Number Generator (RNG) 2nd
rapid pixel and texel rendering engine
raster
rasterization
ratings
    power supply output
        ATX/ATX12V ratings 2nd
raw transfer rates
RawRecovery method (EasyRecovery Professional) 2nd 3rd
Raytech Web site
Raytek MiniTemp thermometers
RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
    even cycles
    module types and bandwith 2nd
    odd cycles
    patents
    power savings
reactive power
Read Multiple command (ATA)
read process
    magnetic storage 2nd
read-and-write cylinders (FAT) 2nd
read-only memory. [See ROM]
Read-Write mode (Disk Editor) 2nd
read/write heads 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th
    AMR (anistropic magneto-resistant) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
    ferrite 2nd
    floppy disk drives 2nd 3rd 4th
        alignment
        cylinders 2nd
        Head 0
        Head 1
    GMR (giant magneto-resistive) 2nd 3rd
    magnetic storage
    MIG (Metal-In-Gap) 2nd
    MR (magneto-resistive) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
    perpedicular heads 2nd
    TF (thin film) 2nd 3rd
read/write process
    magneto-optical drives 2nd
        Fujitsu DynaMO
        Sony
reading
    CD-ROM discs
        error handing 2nd 3rd 4th
        hub clamping area
        interleaves 2nd
        lead-in
        lead-out
        mechanical drive operation 2nd 3rd
        PCA (power calibration area)
        PMA (power memory area)
        program area
        sampling rates 2nd
        sectors 2nd
        subcode bytes 2nd 3rd 4th
        tracks 2nd 3rd
    DVD discs
    flash memory
        card readers 2nd
        floppy adapters 2nd
        Type II PC Card adapters
real mode 2nd 3rd
    486DX processors
    80286 processors
real-mode configuration
    Windows 9x/Me boot process 2nd
real-time clock (RTC)
    RTC/NVRAM batteries 2nd 3rd 4th
real-time clock/nonvolatile memory (RTC/NVRAM)
Realtek
    ALC650 sound cards
rear-out sound card connectors
recalibration, thermal (hard disk drives)
recommendations. [See buying tips]2nd [See buying tips]3rd [See buying tips]4th [See buying tips]
recommended reading. [See books]
recordable DVD drives
    DVD Multi 2nd
    DVD+RW 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        compatibility mode 2nd
    DVD-R 2nd 3rd
    DVD-RAM 2nd 3rd
    DVD-RW 2nd
    DVD±R/RW
    media compatibility 2nd 3rd
    summary of standards 2nd
recording
    CDs
    floppy disk drives
        tunnel erasure
    multisession recording (CDs)
        Disc-at-Once
        packet writing 2nd 3rd
        sessions
        Track-at-Once 2nd
    recording media
        AFC (antiferromagnetically coupled) 2nd
        oxide 2nd
        thin-film 2nd 3rd
    sound
        sampling 2nd 3rd 4th
    standard recording
    ZBR (zoned-bit recording) 2nd 3rd 4th
recording CDs
    buffer underruns 2nd 3rd
    copy protection 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        SafeAudio
        SafeDisc 2nd
    DAE (digital audio extraction) 2nd 3rd 4th
    ÕFor Music Use OnlyÕ discs 2nd
    reliability 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
    software 2nd 3rd
    tips and recommendations 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
recording media
    AFC (antiferromagnetically coupled) 2nd
    oxide 2nd
    thin-film 2nd 3rd
records
    master partition boot records 2nd
        format of 2nd 3rd 4th
        system indicator byte values 2nd
    volume boot records
        BIOS parameter block
        boot code
        creating
        FAT12/FAT16 boot record format 2nd
        FAT32 boot record format 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th
        jump instruction
        signature bytes
RECOVER utility 2nd 3rd
recovery 2nd
    Active Undelete
    EasyRecovery DataRecovery
    EasyRecovery FileRepair
    EasyRecovery Professional 2nd
    flash ROM (read-only memory) 2nd 3rd
    from Flash memory 2nd 3rd 4th
    from partitioned/formatted drives 2nd
        EasyRecovery DataRecovery
        EasyRecovery FileRepair
        EasyRecovery Professional 2nd
        Norton Unformat 2nd
    in NTFS 2nd
    Norton Disk Editor 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th
        examining drives 2nd
        finding number of clusters 2nd
        Read-Write mode 2nd
        recovering erased files 2nd 3rd 4th
        recovering files from hard disk/Flash memory 2nd 3rd 4th
    Norton Protected Recycle Bin
        Windows 2000/XP
        Windows 9x/Me 2nd
    Norton UnErase
        Windows 2000/XP
        Windows 9x/Me 2nd
    Norton Unformat 2nd
    Ontrack EasyRecovery
    Restorer 2000
    VCOM System Suite
    Windows Recycle Bin 2nd
Recycle Bin
    Norton Protected Recycle Bin
        Windows 2000/XP
        Windows 9x/Me 2nd
    recovering files from 2nd
Red Book format 2nd
redrawing
    CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors 2nd
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) chips 2nd
Redundant Array of Independent Disks. [See RAID]
refresh rates
    CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors 2nd
    DRAM (dynamic RAM)
    monitors
        comparison of 2nd
        defined
        flicker-free refresh rates
        minimum recommendations
        setting 2nd 3rd
region-free DVD players
regional playback control (RPC) 2nd 3rd
Register, The (Web site)
registered memory modules 2nd
reinstalling components
    compared to replacing components 2nd
reliability
    ATA (AT Attachment)
    hard disk drives
        MTBF (mean time between failures) 2nd
        PFA (Predictive Failure Analysis)
        SMART standard 2nd 3rd 4th
remapping
    drive letters 2nd
        DOS 2nd 3rd 4th
        Windows 9x/Me 2nd 3rd 4th
        Windows NT/2000/XP 2nd
remarking processors 2nd 3rd
remote power switch connectors. [See power switch connectors]
Remote Start option (hard disk drives)
removable drives
    buying tips
removable keycaps
    Enhanced 101-key keyboard
removable storage [See also floppy disk drives]
    floppy disk drives 2nd
        1.2MB 5 1/4-inch
        1.44MB 3 1/2-inch 2nd
        2.88MB 3 1/2-inch
        360KB 5 1/4-inch
        720KB 3 1/2-inch
        clusters 2nd 3rd
        controller cables 2nd 3rd 4th
        controllers 2nd 3rd
        cylinders 2nd
        disk capacities 2nd
        Disk Change signal 2nd 3rd 4th
        disk formats 2nd
        disk formatting 2nd
        faceplate/bezel 2nd
        head actuator mechanisms 2nd 3rd 4th
        history of 2nd
        installing 2nd
        interfaces
        logic boards 2nd
        physical operation 2nd
        power connectors 2nd
        read/write heads 2nd 3rd 4th
        signal connectors 2nd
        spindle motors 2nd
        stepper motors 2nd
        track-width specifications 2nd
        troubleshooting
        tunnel erasure
    floppy disks
        capacity 2nd
        care and handling 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
        formatted parameters 2nd
        formatting 2nd
        media specifications 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
        physical construction 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        sectors
        tracks
        write protection
removable-media drives 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th [See also tape drives]8th
    advantages
        backups 2nd 3rd
        extra storage 2nd
    Bernoulli drives
    buying tips 2nd 3rd
    connecting
    drive letter assignments 2nd
        DOS 2nd 3rd 4th
        Windows 9x/Me 2nd 3rd 4th
        Windows NT/2000/XP 2nd
    flash memory media
    installation
    interfaces 2nd 3rd
    Jaz drives
    LS-120 SuperDisk drives
    LS-240 SuperDisk drives 2nd
    magnetic disk media
    magnetic tape media
    magneto-optical drives 2nd
        compared to magnetic drives 2nd
        Fujitsu DynaMO
        read/write process 2nd
        Sony
    Orb drives
    Peerless drives
    Shark drives
    SyQuest drives
    Zip drives 2nd
        Zip 100
        Zip 250
        Zip 750
removing
    video adapters 2nd
rendering images 2nd
    hardware/software acceleration 2nd
    multiple-pass
    single-pass
repair. [See troubleshooting]
repairing
    FAT errors
        cross-linked files 2nd 3rd
        damaged FAT 2nd
        invalid files/directories
        lost clusters 2nd 3rd
    power supply 2nd
        depot repair
        tamperproof Torx screws
reparse points
Repeat Delay parameter (Windows keyboards)
Repeat Rate parameter (Windows keyboards)
repeaters
    wireless repeaters
repetitive stress injuries
    ergonomic keyboards 2nd
replacing
    batteries 2nd
    BIOS (basic input/output system) chips 2nd 3rd
    keyboards 2nd 3rd 4th
    power supply
        buying tips 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        manufacturer recommendations 2nd 3rd
    video adapters 2nd 3rd 4th
        TV tuners 2nd 3rd
        video capture 2nd 3rd
        warranty and support 2nd
replacing components
    bootstrap approach 2nd 3rd 4th
    compared to reinstalling components 2nd
    industry-standard replaceable components 2nd
    known-good spare technique 2nd
replacing hard disk drives. [See drive migration]2nd [See drive migration]
Report No FDD For WIN 95 setting (BIOS Setup)
reprogrammable microcode 2nd 3rd
rescue CDs
    creating 2nd
rescue CDs, creating 2nd
Rescue Restore utility
reseating socketed chips 2nd
resident attributes (NTFS)
resistive power
resolution
    LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors
    Photo CD 2nd
    video monitors 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        choosing
        minimum recommendations 2nd
resolutions
    audio files 2nd 3rd 4th
resolving
    resource conflicts
        Device Manager
        manually 2nd 3rd
        multiple-COM-port adapters 2nd
        NICs (network interface cards)
        PnP (Plug and Play) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        SCSI adapter boards 2nd
        sound cards 2nd 3rd 4th
        system-configuration templates 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th
        USB (Universal Serial Bus) 2nd
        video software 2nd
    sound card conflicts 2nd
Resource Configuration menu (BIOS Setup)
resources (system) 2nd
    conflicts
        Device Manager
        multiple-COM-port adapters 2nd
        NICs (network interface cards)
        PnP (Plug and Play) 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
        preventing 2nd 3rd
        resolving manually 2nd&n