Upgrading and Repairing PCs Free Open Book

Upgrading and Repairing PCs

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h (/h) switch (XCOPY32 command) 
hackers 
half-bridge forward converting switching power supply  2nd 
half-duplex operation 
half-duplex protocols 
HALT instruction
    Pentium power management bugs 
hand tools  2nd 
    chip extractors  2nd 
    chip inserters 
    cleaning materials 
    electric screwdrivers 
    ESD (electrostatic discharge) protection kits  2nd  3rd 
    files 
    flashlights 
    hemostats 
    lithium coin cell batteries 
    markers/pens 
    needle-nose pliers 
    nut drivers 
    nylon cable-ties 
    parts grabbers  2nd  3rd 
    screwdrivers  2nd 
    Torx drivers 
    tweezers 
    vises/clamps 
    Windows 2000/XP bootable CD 
    Windows 98 Startup floppy 
    wire cutters 
    wire strippers 
handling.  [See care and handling]2nd  [See care and handling]
HANs (home area networks)
    defined 
Hard Disk Controller Failure error message  2nd 
hard disk drives  [See also magnetic storage]2nd  [See also ATA (AT Attachment)]3rd  [See also SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)]
    .  [See also file systems]2nd  [See also data recovery]
    305 RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control) drives 
    access times  2nd 
    air filters  2nd  3rd 
    areal density  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
        defined 
        increasing  2nd  3rd 
        Õpixie dustÕ technology  2nd 
        superparamagnetic effect 
    BIOS limitations  2nd  3rd  4th 
    buying tips  2nd  3rd 
    cache controllers  2nd 
    cache programs  2nd 
    capacity  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th 
        BIOS limitations  2nd  3rd 
        capacity limitations 
        comparison of  2nd 
        operating system limitations  2nd 
    CHS (cylinder head sector) addressing
        137GB barrier  2nd  3rd 
        2.1GB barrier 
        4.2GB barrier  2nd  3rd 
        528MB barrier  2nd  3rd  4th 
        8.4GB barrier  2nd  3rd 
        ATA CHS parameter limits 
        BIOS CHS parameter limits  2nd 
        BIOS commands  2nd 
        CHS bit-shift translation  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
        combined parameter limits  2nd 
        compared to LBA (logical block address)  2nd  3rd 
        converting to LBA (logical block address)  2nd 
        LBA-assist translation  2nd  3rd  4th 
        Standard CHS 
    configuration  2nd 
        automatic drive detection 
        BIOS.   [See Setup program (BIOS)]
        configuration items 
        controllers  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
        manual drive parameters  2nd  3rd 
    cost  2nd 
    CSS (contact start stop) design 
    cylinders 
    data encoding schemes.  [See encoding schemes]
    data transfer rates 
    defined  2nd 
    defragmentation  2nd  3rd  4th 
    disk sweep  2nd 
    drive capacity limitations  2nd  3rd 
    drive letters
        assigning  2nd  3rd  4th 
    drive migration
        MS-DOS  2nd 
        Windows 9x/Me  2nd  3rd 
    dual-drive configurations (ATA)  2nd  3rd  4th 
        CS (cable select)  2nd 
        daisy chains 
        jumper settings  2nd 
        master drives 
        slave drives 
    examining with Norton Disk Editor  2nd 
    faceplate/bezel  2nd 
    FAT (file allocation table) structures  2nd  3rd 
        chains 
        clusters/allocation units  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th 
        copying 
        cross-linked files  2nd  3rd 
        data areas 
        directory/FAT relationship  2nd  3rd 
        extended partitions  2nd 
        file system errors  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th  9th  10th 
        file system utilities  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th 
        hexadecimal values 
        invalid files/directories 
        master partition boot records  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th 
        primary partitions 
        read-and-write cylinders  2nd 
        root directory  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th 
        system indicator byte values  2nd  3rd  4th 
        table structure  2nd  3rd  4th 
        volume boot records  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
    FAT32 structures  2nd 
        backward compatibility 
        clusters/allocation units  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
        converting FAT16 to  2nd 
        FAT mirroring 
        limitations 
        partition creation  2nd 
        partition sizes 
        root directory 
    file system error messages  2nd 
        Boot Error Press F1 to Retry 
        DOS  2nd  3rd 
        Hard Disk Controller Failure  2nd 
        Invalid Drive Specification 
        Invalid Media Type  2nd 
        Missing Operating System  2nd 
        NO ROM BASIC SYSTEM HALTED  2nd 
        Windows 2000/XP  2nd 
        Windows 9x/Me  2nd  3rd 
    file system utilities
        choosing 
        Norton Utilities  2nd 
        SpinRite 
    ground connectors 
    head actuator mechanisms 
        automatic head parking  2nd  3rd 
        comparison of  2nd 
        stepper motors  2nd 
        voice-coil actuators  2nd  3rd 
    head sliders  2nd  3rd 
    heads 
        air bearing 
        automatic head parking  2nd  3rd 
        cautions 
        HDAs (head disk assemblies) 
        head crashes 
        head/medium interaction  2nd  3rd 
        read/write heads  2nd  3rd  4th 
    heating/cooling issues
        temperature acclimation  2nd 
    high-level formatting  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th 
        formatting procedures  2nd  3rd 
        limitations  2nd  3rd 
    installation  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th 
        ATA (AT Attachment) connectors 
        automatic disk installation programs  2nd  3rd 
        cables  2nd  3rd 
        controller configuration  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
        data cable connectors  2nd  3rd 
        drive bay sizes  2nd  3rd 
        drive configuration  2nd 
        drive jumpers 
        drive-mounting hardware  2nd 
        faceplates/bezels 
        physical installation 
        pin configuration 
        power connectors  2nd 
        screws 
        step-by-step procedures  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th 
        system configuration  2nd  3rd 
    interface connectors 
    interfacing to  2nd 
        disk controller I/O port commands  2nd 
        Interrupt 13h  2nd 
        Interrupt 21h 
        Interrupt 25h  2nd 
        Interrupt 26h  2nd 
    interleave  2nd  3rd 
    latency  2nd 
    LBA (logical block address) addressing 
        BIOS commands  2nd 
        compared to CHS (cylinder head sector)  2nd  3rd 
        converting to CHS (cylinder head sector)  2nd 
        LBA-assist translation  2nd  3rd  4th 
    load/unload mechanism 
    logic boards  2nd  3rd 
    low-level formatting  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
        ATA (AT Attachment)  2nd  3rd 
        nondestructive formatters  2nd  3rd 
        SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface)  2nd 
        standard recording 
        ZBR (zoned-bit recording)  2nd  3rd  4th 
    mirroring 
    operating system limitations  2nd  3rd 
    partitioning  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th 
        .  [See also file systems]
        FAT  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th 
        master partition boot records  2nd 
    partitioning with aftermarket utilities  2nd 
    partitioning with Disk Management  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
    partitioning with FDISK  2nd  3rd  4th 
        advantages of  2nd 
        drive letter assignments  2nd  3rd  4th 
        FAT32 volumes  2nd  3rd 
        large hard disk support  2nd  3rd 
        limitations  2nd  3rd 
    platters  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
        aluminum/magnesium alloy 
        glass 
        maximum number of 
        MemCor 
        sizes 
    power connectors 
    power consumption  2nd  3rd 
    prefixes for decimal/binary multiples  2nd  3rd 
    preventative maintenance 
        file defragmentation  2nd  3rd  4th 
        Maintenance Wizard 
        virus checking  2nd 
    RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)  2nd 
        controllers 
        cost 
        Level 0 
        Level 1 
        Level 2 
        Level 3 
        Level 4 
        Level 5 
        Level 6 
        RAB (RAID Advisory Board) 
    read/write heads  2nd 
        AMR (anistropic magneto-resistant)  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
        ferrite  2nd 
        GMR (giant magneto-resistive)  2nd  3rd 
        MIG (Metal-In-Gap)  2nd 
        MR (magneto-resistive)  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
        perpendicular heads  2nd 
        TF (thin film)  2nd  3rd 
    recording media 
        AFC (antiferromagnetically coupled)  2nd 
        oxide  2nd 
        thin-film  2nd  3rd 
    reliability 
        MTBF (mean time between failures)  2nd 
        PFA (Predictive Failure Analysis) 
        SMART standard  2nd  3rd  4th 
    Remote Start option 
    root directories
        file attribute byte 
    sectors  2nd 
        data bytes 
        fields  2nd  3rd  4th 
        gaps in 
        headers/trailers  2nd 
        master boot sectors  2nd  3rd 
        master boot sectors;bootstrap code 
        master boot sectors;master partition table 
        master boot sectors;signature bytes 
        numbering 
        typical track/sector format  2nd 
        usable space  2nd 
        volume boot sectors  2nd 
    seek times 
        average seek times  2nd  3rd 
    servo mechanisms 
        dedicated servo  2nd  3rd  4th 
        disk sweep  2nd 
        embedded servo  2nd 
        gray code 
        servowriters  2nd 
        thermal recalibration 
        wedge servo  2nd 
    speed 
        transfer rates 
    spin rates 
    spindle motors  2nd 
        fluid dynamic bearings  2nd 
        internal hub spindle motors 
        power requirements 
        speed 
    striping 
    striping with parity 
    summary of components  2nd 
    technological advancements  2nd 
    testing  2nd  3rd 
    thermal recalibration 
    tracks  2nd 
        defined 
        track densities 
        track following systems 
        typical track/sector format  2nd 
        usable space 
    transfer rates 
        calculating  2nd 
        formatted transfer rates 
        IBM Deskstar 120GXP specifications  2nd 
        interface transfer rates 
        Maxtor DiamondMax D540X-4G120J6 specifications  2nd 
        media transfer rates 
        raw transfer rates 
        Seagate Cheetah 36ES specifications  2nd 
        Seagate Cheetah X15 specifications 
    troubleshooting  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th 
    VFAT  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
        alias names  2nd  3rd 
        disk and backup utilities 
        long filename support  2nd  3rd 
    Winchester drives 
    zones 
HARD DISK inializing. Please wait a moment (error message) 
HARD DISK INSTALL FAILURE (error message) 
Hard Disk Pre-Delay setting (BIOS IDE Configuration menu) 
Hard disk(s) diagnosis fail (error message) 
hard drives
    defined 
hard error rates (HERs) 
hard memory fails 
hardcards 
hardware acceleration  2nd 
hardware resources  2nd  3rd  4th 
harmonic distortion 
    speakers 
Haughton, Ken 
HDAs (head disk assemblies) 
HDD S.M.A.R.T. Capability setting (BIOS Setup) 
Head 0 (floppy disk drives) 
Head 1 (floppy disk drives) 
head actuator mechanisms 
    automatic head parking  2nd  3rd 
    comparison of  2nd 
    floppy disk drives  2nd  3rd  4th 
    servo mechanisms 
        dedicated servo  2nd  3rd  4th 
        disk sweep  2nd 
        embedded servo  2nd 
        gray code 
        servowriters  2nd 
        thermal recalibration 
        wedge servo  2nd 
    stepper motors  2nd 
    voice-coil actuators 
        closed loop feedback mechanism 
        linear  2nd 
        rotary  2nd 
        track following systems 
head crashes 
head disk assemblies (HDAs) 
HEAD NUMBER sector data 
Head Related Transfer Function (HRTF) 
head sliders  2nd  3rd 
head/medium interaction (hard disk drives)  2nd  3rd 
headers
    sector headers  2nd 
headphones 
heads
    air bearing 
    automatic head parking  2nd  3rd 
    cautions 
    floppy disk drives
        head actuator mechanisms  2nd  3rd  4th 
        read/write heads  2nd  3rd  4th 
        tunnel erasure 
    HDAs (head disk assemblies) 
    head actuator mechanisms 
        automatic head parking  2nd  3rd 
        comparison of  2nd 
        stepper motors  2nd 
        voice-coil actuators  2nd  3rd 
    head crashes 
    head/medium interaction  2nd  3rd 
    read/write heads  2nd  3rd  4th 
        magnetic storage 
    servo mechanisms 
        dedicated servo  2nd  3rd  4th 
        disk sweep  2nd 
        embedded servo  2nd 
        gray code 
        servowriters  2nd 
        thermal recalibration 
        wedge servo  2nd 
heads (hard disk drives) 
heads, read/write design  2nd  3rd 
    AMR (anistropic magneto-resistant)  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
    ferrite  2nd 
    GMR (giant magneto-resistive)  2nd  3rd 
    MIG (Metal-In-Gap)  2nd 
    MR (magneto-resistive)  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
    perpedicular heads  2nd 
    TF (thin film)  2nd  3rd 
healing/cooling issues
    troubleshooting  2nd 
heat problems
    Pentium Pro processors
        form factor choices 
    processors
        maximum safe speeds 
heating/cooling issues
    ATX motherboards 
    cooling fans
        bay-mounted fans 
        built-in fans 
        buying tips  2nd  3rd 
    Fan Control Configuration menu 
    floppy disks 
    hard disk temperature acclimation  2nd 
    heatsinks  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
        active heatsinks  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
        buying tips  2nd  3rd 
        heatsink clips 
        installation  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th 
        passive heatsinks  2nd  3rd 
    infrared thermometers  2nd  3rd 
    negative-pressure-ventilation design 
    Pentium II processors  2nd 
    positive-pressure-ventilation design  2nd 
    power supply
        troubleshooting  2nd  3rd  4th 
    preventative maintenance  2nd  3rd 
    temperature probes  2nd 
heatsinks  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
    active heatsinks  2nd  3rd 
    buying tips  2nd  3rd 
        active heatsinks  2nd 
        passive heatsinks 
    heatsink clips 
    installation  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th 
    passive heatsinks  2nd 
    Pentium 4  2nd 
    Pentium II processors  2nd 
help
    diagnostic software  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
        aftermarket software 
        general-purpose diagnostics  2nd 
        manufacturer-supplied software 
        network interface adapters  2nd  3rd 
        operating system diagnostics 
        operating system software 
        peripheral diagnostics software 
        POST (power on self test)  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th  9th  10th  11th  12th  13th  14th  15th  16th  17th  18th  19th  20th  21st  22nd  23rd  24th  25th  26th  27th  28th  29th  30th  31st  32nd  33rd 
        SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) adapters  2nd 
hemostats 
HERs (hard error rates) 
Hertz (Hz)  2nd 
Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph 
Hewlett-Packard
    contact information 
hexadecimal values
    FAT (file allocation table) 
HFC (hybrid fiber/coax) networks 
HFS (Hierarchical File System) 
Hi-Flex BIOS
    ID strings  2nd  3rd  4th 
Hi-Flex BIOS (basic input/output system)
    ID strings  2nd  3rd 
HID (Human Interface Device) codes 
Hierarchical File System (HFS) 
high memory area (HMA) 
High Performance File System (HPFS) 
High Sierra file system  2nd  3rd 
High Voltage Differential (HVD) signaling  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th 
High Voltage Differential (HVD) terminators 
high-level formatting  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th 
    formatting procedures  2nd  3rd 
    limitations  2nd  3rd 
high-speed Internet access.  [See broadband Internet access]
high-speed North-South bridge connections  2nd 
high-speed serial port cards  2nd 
HighPoint RocketHead 100 converter 
history
    of ATA (AT Attachment)  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th 
    of CD-ROM discs  2nd  3rd 
    of CD-ROM drives  2nd  3rd 
    of chipsets  2nd  3rd  4th 
    of DVD discs  2nd  3rd 
    of DVD drives  2nd  3rd 
    of floppy disk drives  2nd 
    of mouse  2nd  3rd 
    of processors  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th 
    of sound cards  2nd 
history of computers  2nd 
    ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) 
    Analytical Engine  2nd 
    Colossus 
    Difference Engine 
    ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator)  2nd 
    IBM  2nd 
    IBM-compatibles  2nd  3rd  4th 
    ICs (integrated circuits) 
    Intel
        industry control  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th 
    mechanical calculators  2nd 
    microprocessors  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th 
    PCs (personal computers) 
        Altair kit  2nd 
        Apple I 
        Apple II 
        IBM Model 5100 
        IBM Personal Computer  2nd  3rd  4th 
        PC-compatible systems  2nd  3rd  4th 
    punch-card systems  2nd 
    semiconductors  2nd  3rd  4th 
    stored-program technique 
    timeline  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th  9th  10th 
    UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 
    vacuum tubes  2nd  3rd 
    white-box systems  2nd 
hit ratio (cache) 
Hitachi
    low-level formatting software 
    Super-IPS (in-place switching) 
    Web site 
Hitachi Americ
    contact information 
Hitachi Global Storage Technologies 
HLF.  [See high-level formatting]2nd  [See low-level formatting]
HMA (high memory area) 
hold-up time (power supply) 
Hollerith, Herman 
home area networks.  [See HANs]
home networking
    compared to Ethernet  2nd 
    Ethernet.  [See Ethernet]
    HomePNA 
        compared to Ethernet  2nd 
        topology  2nd 
        version 1.0  2nd 
        version 2.0  2nd 
        Web site  2nd 
    powerline networking  2nd 
        compared to Ethernet  2nd 
        Consumer Electronics Association R7.3 specification 
        HomePlug 1.0  2nd 
        HomePlug AV 
HomePlug 1.0  2nd 
HomePlug AV 
HomePNA 
    topology  2nd  3rd  4th 
    version 1.0  2nd 
    version 2.0  2nd 
    Web site  2nd 
HomeRF 
Hong Faith America Web site 
horizontal frequencies (monitors)  2nd 
horizontal scan rates (CRT) 
host adapters
    memory  2nd 
host adapters (SCSI) 
host adapters.  [See controllers]2nd  [See controllers]
host interface adapters.
    SCSI  [See ATA]
hot-plugging
    IEEE-1394 
HPFS (High Performance File System) 
HRTF (Head Related Transfer Function) 
HT (Hyper-Threading) technology 
HT (Hyper-Threading) Technology  2nd 
    overview  2nd 
    requirements  2nd 
hub architecture  2nd 
hub architecture (chipsets)  2nd  3rd 
hub clamping area
    CD-ROMs 
    DVD discs 
hubs  2nd  3rd 
    buying tips  2nd 
    chipset hub architecture  2nd  3rd 
    compared to switches  2nd  3rd 
    dual-speeds  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th 
    managed/unmanaged 
    MCH (Memory Controller Hub)  2nd  3rd 
    USB (Universal Serial Bus) keyboards  2nd 
hubs (USB)  2nd  3rd 
    root hubs 
    self-powered hubs 
Human Interface Device (HID) codes 
HVD (High Voltage Differential) signaling  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th 
HVD (High Voltage Differential) terminators 
HWinfo software 
HWINFO utility 
hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) networks 
hybrid mouse  2nd  3rd 
hybrid processors (fifth and sixth generation)
    AMD-K6  2nd 
        3DNow! technology  2nd 
        BIOS support 
        future developments 
        motherboard compatibility  2nd 
        multiplier settings  2nd 
        specifications  2nd 
        technical features  2nd 
        voltage  2nd 
    Cyrix 6x86/6x86MX  2nd  3rd  4th  5th 
        cache 
        SMM 
        speeds 
        technical features  2nd 
    NexGen Nx586  2nd 
hydrogenated amorphour silicon (a-Si) 
Hyper Page mode memory.  [See EDO RAM (extended data out RAM)]
Hyper-Threading (HT) technology 
Hyper-Threading Technology.  [See HT Technology]
HyperStreaming  2nd 
HyperTransport
    nForce chipsets 
HyperTransport bus 
Hz (Hertz)  2nd 



     Main Menu
Main Page
Table of content
Copyright
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Chapter 1. Development of the PC
Chapter 2. PC Components, Features, and System Design
Chapter 3. Microprocessor Types and Specifications
Chapter 4. Motherboards and Buses
Chapter 5. BIOS
Chapter 6. Memory
Chapter 7. The ATA/IDE Interface
Chapter 8. The SCSI Interface
Chapter 9. Magnetic Storage Principles
Chapter 10. Hard Disk Storage
Chapter 11. Floppy Disk Storage
Chapter 12. High-Capacity Removable Storage
Chapter 13. Optical Storage
Chapter 14. Physical Drive Installation and Configuration
Chapter 15. Video Hardware
Chapter 16. Audio Hardware
Chapter 17. I/O Interfaces from Serial and Parallel to IEEE-1394 and USB
Chapter 18. Input Devices
Chapter 19. Internet Connectivity
Chapter 20. Local Area Networking
Chapter 21. Power Supply and Chassis/Case
Chapter 22. Building or Upgrading Systems
Chapter 23. PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance
Chapter 24. File Systems and Data Recovery
Appendix A. Glossary
Appendix B. Key Vendor Contact Information
Appendix C. Troubleshooting Index
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