MySQL Cookbook

Preface

The MySQL database management system has become quite popular in recent years. This has been true especially in the Linux and open source communities, but MySQL's presence in the commercial sector now is increasing as well. It is well liked for several reasons: MySQL is fast, and it's easy to set up, use, and administrate. MySQL runs under many varieties of Unix and Windows, and MySQL-based programs can be written in many languages. MySQL is especially heavily used in combination with a web server for constructing database-backed web sites that involve dynamic content generation.

With MySQL's rise in popularity comes the need to address the questions posed by its users about how to solve specific problems. That is the purpose of MySQL Cookbook. It's designed to serve as a handy resource to which you can turn when you need quick solutions or techniques for attacking particular types of questions that come up when you use MySQL. Naturally, because it's a cookbook, it contains recipes: straightforward instructions you can follow rather than develop your own code from scratch. It's written using a problem-and-solution format designed to be extremely practical and to make the contents easy to read and assimilate. It contains many short sections, each describing how to write a query, apply a technique, or develop a script to solve a problem of limited and specific scope. This book doesn't attempt to develop full-fledged applications. Instead, it's intended to assist you in developing such applications yourself by helping you get past problems that have you stumped.

For example, a common question is, "How can I deal with quotes and special characters in data values when I'm writing queries?" That's not difficult, but figuring out how to do it is frustrating when you're not sure where to start. This book demonstrates what to do; it shows you where to begin and how to proceed from there. This knowledge will serve you repeatedly, because after you see what's involved, you'll be able to apply the technique to any kind of data, such as text, images, sound or video clips, news articles, compressed files, PDF files, or word processing documents. Another common question is, "Can I access tables from two databases at the same time?" The answer is "Yes," and it's easy to do because it's just a matter of knowing the proper SQL syntax. But it's hard to do until you see how; this book will show you. Other things that you'll learn from this book include:

• How to use SQL to select, sort, and summarize records.

• How to find matches or mismatches between records in two tables.

• How to perform a transaction.

• How to determine intervals between dates or times, including age calculations.

• How to remove duplicate records.

• How to store images into MySQL and retrieve them for display in web pages.

• How to convert the legal values of an ENUM column into radio buttons in a web page, or the values of a SET column into checkboxes.

• How to get LOAD DATA to read your datafiles properly, or find out which values in the file are bad.

• How to use pattern matching techniques to cope with mismatches between the CCYY-MM-DD date format that MySQL uses and dates in your datafiles.

• How to copy a table or a database to another server.

• How to resequence a sequence number column, and why you really don't want to.

One part of knowing how to use MySQL is understanding how to communicate with the server—that is, how to use SQL, the language through which queries are formulated. Therefore, one major emphasis of this book is on using SQL to formulate queries that answer particular kinds of questions. One helpful tool for learning and using SQL is the mysql client program that is included in MySQL distributions. By using this client interactively, you can send SQL statements to the server and see the results. This is extremely useful because it provides a direct interface to SQL. The mysql client is so useful, in fact, that the entire first chapter is devoted to it.

But the ability to issue SQL queries alone is not enough. Information extracted from a database often needs to be processed further or presented in a particular way to be useful. What if you have queries with complex interrelationships, such as when you need to use the results of one query as the basis for others? SQL by itself has little facility for making these kinds of choices, which makes it difficult to use decision-based logic to determine which queries to execute. Or what if you need to generate a specialized report with very specific formatting requirements? This too is difficult to achieve using just SQL. These problems bring us to the other major emphasis of the book—how to write programs that interact with the MySQL server through an application programming interface (API). When you know how to use MySQL from within the context of a programming language, you gain the ability to exploit MySQL's capabilities in the following ways:

• You can remember the result from a query and use it at a later time.

• You can make decisions based on success or failure of a query, or on the content of the rows that are returned. Difficulties in implementing control flow disappear when using an API because the host language provides facilities for expressing decision-based logic: if-then-else constructs, while loops, subroutines, and so forth.

• You can format and display query results however you like. If you're writing a command-line script, you can generate plain text. If it's a web-based script, you can generate an HTML table. If it's an application that extracts information for transfer to some other system, you might write a datafile expressed in XML.

When you combine SQL with a general purpose programming language and a MySQL client API, you have an extremely flexible framework for issuing queries and processing their results. Programming languages increase your expressive capabilities by giving you a great deal of additional power to perform complex database operations. This doesn't mean this book is complicated, though. It keeps things simple, showing how to construct small building blocks by using techniques that are easy to understand and easily mastered.

I'll leave it to you to combine these techniques within your own programs, which you can do to produce arbitrarily complex applications. After all, the genetic code is based on only four nucleic acids, but these basic elements have been combined to produce the astonishing array of biological life we see all around us. Similarly, there are only 12 notes in the scale, but in the hands of skilled composers, they can be interwoven to produce a rich and endless variety of music. In the same way, when you take a set of simple recipes, add your imagination, and apply them to the database programming problems you want to solve, you can produce that are perhaps not works of art, but certainly applications that are useful and that will help you and others be more productive.